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Additionally, we explored whether the long-term isolation might have affected the genomic diversity, inbreeding levels and genetic load of the Sicilian wolf. Furthermore, considering that the last land-bridge between Sicily and Italy disappeared after the LGM ¹¹, around 17 kya, we explored the possibility that the Sicilian wolf retained ancestry from ancient wolf and dog lineages. We investigated the relationship between Sicilian wolves and other modern breeds to identify potential admixture. To better understand the origins of the Sicilian wolf, and its relationship to other wolf populations, we sequenced four whole genomes (3.8×-11.6×) and five mitogenomes.

There are only seven known Sicilian wolf specimens from the 19th and 20th century preserved in museums in Italy and recent morphometric analyses assigned them to the new subspecies Canis lupus cristaldii ¹⁰. Previous studies hypothesised that they remained isolated from mainland wolves from the end of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) 8,9, until human persecutions led them to extinction 1–7. The Sicilian wolf represented the only population of wolves living on a Mediterranean island until the first half of the twentieth century (1930s-1960s) 1–7. Therefore, habitat expansion, translocation to new suitable habitats, and multispecies conservation policy would contribute to long-term rhino conservation in Nepal.

We concluded that mortality causes associated with limited space and food, and tiger population growth are increasing in recent years. Mortality due to poaching of rhinos has decreased in recent years, while mortality due to self-fighting and tiger attacks have increased. Among the nine categories of the causes of mortality, self-fighting, natural, tiger attacks, and poaching contributed about 80 % of total mortality. Mortality of the rhino was associated with age and cause but not with gender and season. We found that a total of 232 cases of rhino mortalities were observed during the 11-year period. In this study, we answered three important questions to aid in rhino conservation in Nepal:1)what was the pattern of rhino mortality (increased, decreased, or no change) during 2008-2018 in Nepal? 2) Does the pattern of rhino mortality vary by season, age, and gender? And, 3) what are the major causes of rhino mortality in Nepal? We collected rhino mortality data along with age, gender, and cause of death in the period between 20 in Nepal from secondary sources. Understanding these patterns of mortality can provide important information for rhino conservation.

However, rhinos are facing human-caused and natural threats such as habitat loss and several other forms of anthropogenic pressure that cause mortality of greater one-horned rhinos (hereafter rhino) in Nepal. Acrobat Reader 7.0 and Acrobat Reader 5.Nepal's lowland regions provide a rich habitat for greater one-horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis) populations.Microsoft SQL Server Desktop Engine Service Pack 4.

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Keyman 7.0 Professional ( 30-day evaluation).

SIL Language Freeware, Disc 1 Standard Edition

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If you do not want these BTE tools, download Disc 1 SE.ĭisc 2 contains other software tools useful in language research.

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Bible Translators Edition (BTE) ~ Contains the same software as Disc 1 SE, plus tools to support Bible translation.

Disc 1 and Disc 2 are independent you do not need to order or download both disks if you are interested only in using an application from one of the disks.

The download files for an individual application do not include the accessory software which may be needed in conjunction with that application.